Sn Sanyal Organic Chemistry Pdf 47 EXCLUSIVE
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Heavy metals can be introduced into the environment through a number of anthropogenic and natural sources, and their presence has been shown to be associated with a number of health disorders [54]. Various factors have been suggested to influence the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in biota. The most important factors include the chemical form of the metal as a function of the valence, and the chemical speciation of the metal that is dependent upon the type of metal, pH, and organic matter concentrations in the water, soil, and biota. Organic matter and humic substances are strong chelating agents for heavy metals [55]. Organic matter associated with soils is also known to have a major influence on the availability and bioavailability of heavy metals. The adsorption of heavy metals and the accumulation of heavy metals in tissues are, therefore, affected by the type of compound present in soil [56]. The dominant factor affecting the uptake of heavy metals in biota is the metal speciation, which is dependent on a number of chemical and physical properties of the biota [57]. The speciation of a given metal is also affected by the pH of the medium, redox potential, buffer capacity, and the presence of organic matter [58]. The pH of the medium and the speciation of the metal is important in regulating the uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in different biota. Metal speciation in the cell can occur in the form of free metal ions, inorganic and organometallic complexes, and bound to macromolecules. The presence of metal-binding ligands (e.g., organic matter, proteins, and hormones) in the cell may form various complexes [59], and these may play a key role in the mechanism of toxicity in biota. The formation and stability of various complexes is dependent on the pH, composition and speciation of the ions, and the binding site of the metal [60]. Species differences in the uptake of heavy metals are due to differences in the composition of the cell membrane and the properties of the organelles. Metal accumulation is reduced in organisms that are less easily able to maintain ion homeostasis because of the presence of less efficient cellular membranes [61].
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